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| Spikemoss Temporal range:
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Lycophytes |
| Class: | Lycopodiopsida |
| Order: | Selaginellales Prantl |
| Family: | Selaginellaceae Willk. |
| Genus: | Selaginella P. Beauv. |
| Type species | |
| Selaginella selaginoides | |
| Species | |
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See text. | |
| Synonyms | |
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Selaginella, also known as spikemosses or lesser clubmosses, is a genus of lycophyte. It is usually treated as the only genus in the family Selaginellaceae, with over 750 known species.
This family is distinguished from Lycopodiaceae (the clubmosses) by having scale-leaves bearing a ligule and by having spores of two types. They are sometimes included in an informal paraphyletic group called the "fern allies". The species S. moellendorffii is an important model organism. Its genome has been sequenced by the United States Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute.[1] The name Selaginella was erected by Palisot de Beauvois solely for the species Selaginella selaginoides, which turns out (with the closely related Selaginella deflexa) to be a clade that is sister to all other Selaginellas, so any definitive subdivision of the species into separate genera leaves two taxa in Selaginella, with the hundreds of other species in new or resurrected genera.
Selaginella occurs mostly in the tropical regions of the world, with a handful of species to be found in the arctic-alpine zones of both hemispheres.[2] Fossils assignable to the modern genus are known spanning over 300 million years from the Late Carboniferous to the present.[3]
Description
[edit]Selaginella species are creeping or ascendant plants with simple, scale-like leaves (microphylls) on branching stems from which roots also arise. The stems are aerial, horizontally creeping on the substratum (as in Selaginella kraussiana), sub-erect (Selaginella trachyphylla) or erect (as in Selaginella erythropus). The vascular steles are polystelic protosteles. Stem section shows the presence of more than two protosteles. Each stele is made up of diarch (having two strands of xylem[4]) and exarch (growing outward in) xylems.[citation needed] The steles are connected with the cortex by means of many tube-like structures called trabeculae, which are modified endodermal cells with casparian strips on their lateral walls.[citation needed] The stems contain no pith.[citation needed]
In Selaginella, each microphyll and sporophyll has a small scale-like outgrowth called a ligule at the base of the upper surface.[5]: 7 The plants are heterosporous with spores of two different size classes, known as megaspores and microspores.[6] In Selaginella rupestris fertilization takes place while the megaspore is still attached to the parent plant, and is only released after the embryo has produced cotyledons and a root.[7]
Unusual for the lycopods, which nearly always have microphylls with a single unbranched vein, the microphylls of a few Selaginella species contain a branched vascular trace.[8]
Under dry conditions, some species of Selaginella can survive dehydration. In this state, they may roll up into brown balls and be uprooted, but can rehydrate under moist conditions, become green again and resume growth. This phenomenon is known as poikilohydry, and poikilohydric plants such as Selaginella bryopteris are sometimes referred to as resurrection plants.[9]
There is no evidence of whole genome duplication in Selaginella's evolutionary history. Instead they have gone through tandem gene duplications, which is particularly noticeable in genes relevant for desiccation tolerance.[10][jargon]
Their chloroplasts are missing about two-thirds of their plastidial tRNA genes, which are instead found in the genome of the nucleus.[11] The genus is unique among vascular plants in having species with monoplastidic cells, single giant chloroplasts, located mostly in their dorsal epidermal cells, but also in the upper mesophyll of some species. This appears to be a derived traits and an adaptation to low-light conditions, having originated at least twice. Cells with multiplastidic chloroplasts, more than ten chloroplasts per cell, are considered most basal, and are found in species exposed to more light. Oligoplastidic cells, cells with 3 to ten chloroplasts, are more adated to weaker light, and the monoplastidic species being the most shade-loving forms. It is estimated that 70% of Selaginella species are monoplastidic. These receive just 0.4~2.1% of full sunlight, while species with multiple chloroplasts live in open places where they on average receive more than 40.5% of full sunlight.[12]
Taxonomy
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2021) |
Some scientists still place the Selaginellales in the class Lycopodiopsida (often misconstructed as "Lycopsida").[citation needed][13][14] Some modern authors recognize three generic divisions of Selaginella: Selaginella, Bryodesma Sojak 1992, and Lycopodioides Boehm 1760. Lycopodioides would include the North American species S. apoda and S. eclipes, while Bryodesma would include S. rupestris (as Bryodesma rupestre). Stachygynandrum is also sometimes used to include the bulk of species.[citation needed]
The first major attempt to define and subdivide the group was by Palisot de Beauvois[15] in 1803–1805. He established the genus Selaginella as a monotypic genus, and placed the bulk of species in Stachygynandrum. Gymnogynum was another monotypic genus, but that name is superseded by his own earlier name of Didiclis. This turns out, today, to be a group of around 45–50 species also known as the Articulatae, since his genus Didiclis/Gymnogynum was based on Selaginella plumosa. He also described the genus Diplostachyum to include a group of species similar to Selaginella apoda. Spring inflated the genus Selaginella to hold all selaginelloid species four decades later.
Phylogenetic studies by Korall & Kenrick[16][17] determined that the Euselaginella group, comprising solely the type species, Selaginella selaginoides and a closely related Hawaiian species, Selaginella deflexa, is a basal and anciently diverging sister to all other Selaginella species. Beyond this, their study split the remainder of species into two broad groups, one including the Bryodesma species, the Articulatae, section Ericetorum Jermy and others, and the other centered on the broad Stachygynandrum group.
In 2023, Zhou & Zhang suggested that the genus should be broken up into 19 different genera.[18]
| Walton & Aston 1938[19] | Weststrand & Korall 2016 [20] |
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Zhang & Zhou, 2015 classification
[edit]- subgenus: Selaginella Type: S. selaginoides (L.) P.Beauv. ex Mart. & Schrank
- subgenus: Boreoselaginella Type: S. sanguinolenta (L.) Spring
- subgenus: Ericetorum Type: S. uliginosa (Labill.) Spring
- section: Lyallia Type: S. uliginosa (Labill.) Spring
- section: Myosurus Type: S. myosurus Alston
- section: Megalosporarum Type: S. exaltata (Kunze) Spring
- section: Articulatae Type: S. kraussiana (Kunze) A.Braun
- section: Homoeophyllae Type: S. rupestris (L.) Spring (=Bryodesma Sojak or Tetragonostachys Jermy)
- section: Lepidophyllae Type: S. lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Spring
- subgenus: Pulviniella Type: S. pulvinata (Hook. & Grev.) Maxim
- subgenus: Heterostachys Type: S. heterostachys Baker
- section: Oligomacrosporangiatae Type: Selaginella uncinata (Desv. ex Poir.) Spring
- section: Auriculatae Type: S. douglasii (Hook. & Grev.) Spring
- section: Homostachys Type: : S. helvetica (L.) Link
- section: Tetragonostachyae Type: S. proniflora (L.) Baker
- section: Heterostachys Type: S. brachystachya (Hook. & Grev.) Spring
- subgenus: Stachygynandrum Type: S. flabellata (L.) Spring
- section: Plagiophyllae Type: S. biformis A.Braun ex Kuhn
- section: Circinatae Type: S. involvens (Sw.) Spring
- section: Heterophyllae Type: S. flexuosa Spring
- section: Austroamericanae Type: S. hartwegiana Spring
- section: Pallescentes Type: S. pallescens (C.Presl) Spring
- section: Proceres Type: S. oaxacana Spring
- section: Ascendentes Type: S. alopecuroides Baker
| Zhang & Zhou 2015[21] | Zhou & Zhang 2023[18] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Species
[edit]
There are about 750 known species of Selaginella.[22] They show a wide range of characters; the genus is overdue for a revision which might include subdivision into several genera.[citation needed] Species of spikemoss include:
- Selaginella apoda – meadow spikemoss; eastern North America
- Selaginella arizonica Maxon – west Texas to Arizona and Sonora, Mexico
- Selaginella asprella
- Selaginella bifida – Rodrigues Island
- Selaginella biformis
- Selaginella bigelovii
- Selaginella braunii – Braun's spikemoss; China
- Selaginella bryopteris – sanjeevani; India
- Selaginella canaliculata – clubmoss; southeast Asia, Maluku Islands
- Selaginella carinata
- Selaginella cinerascens
- Selaginella densa – lesser spikemoss; western North America
- Selaginella denticulata
- Selaginella eclipes – hidden spikemoss; eastern North America
- Selaginella elmeri
- Selaginella eremophila Maxon
- Selaginella erythropus
- Selaginella galotteii
- Selaginella gigantea – From Venezuela.
- Selaginella hansenii
- Selaginella kraussiana – Krauss's spikemoss; Africa, Azores
- Selaginella lepidophylla – resurrection plant, dinosaur plant, and flower of stone; Chihuahuan Desert, North America
- Selaginella martensii – variegated spikemoss
- Selaginella moellendorffii
- Selaginella oregana
- Selaginella plana – Asian spikemoss; tropical Asia
- Selaginella poulteri
- Selaginella pulcherrima
- Selaginella rupestris – rock spikemoss, festoon pine, and northern Selaginella (eastern North America)
- Selaginella rupincola Underw. – west Texas to Arizona and Sonora, Mexico
- Selaginella selaginoides – lesser clubmoss; north temperate Europe, Asia and North America)
- Selaginella sericea A.Braun – Ecuador
- Selaginella serpens
- Selaginella sibirica
- Selaginella stellata – starry spikemoss; Mexico, Central America
- Selaginella substipitata
- Selaginella tamariscina
- Selaginella tortipila
- Selaginella uliginosa – Australia
- Selaginella umbrosa
- Selaginella uncinata – peacock moss, peacock spikemoss, blue spikemoss
- Selaginella underwoodii Hieron. – west Texas to Wyoming and west into Arizona
- Selaginella wallacei
- Selaginella watsonii
- Selaginella willdenowii – Willdenow's spikemoss, peacock fern; southeast Asia
A few species of Selaginella are desert plants known as "resurrection plants", because they curl up in a tight, brown or reddish ball during dry times, and uncurl and turn green in the presence of moisture. Other species are tropical forest plants that appear at first glance to be ferns.
Cultivation
[edit] |
A number of Selaginella species are popular plants for cultivation, mostly tropical species. Some of the species popularly cultivated and actively available commercially include:
- S. kraussiana: golden clubmoss
- S. martensii: frosty fern
- S. moellendorffii: gemmiferous spikemoss
- S. erythropus: red selaginella or ruby-red spikemoss
- S. uncinata: peacock moss
- S. lepidophylla: resurrection plant
- S. braunii: arborvitae fern
References
[edit]- ^ "Selaginella moellendorffii v1.0". Joint Genome Institute. United States Department of Energy. 2007. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
- ^ "Selaginella kraussiana | PlantZAfrica".
- ^ Bek, Ji?í; Libertín, Milan; Drábková, Jana (June 2009). "Selaginella labutae sp. nov., a new compression herbaceous lycopsid and its spores from the Kladno–Rakovník Basin, Bolsovian of the Czech Republic". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 155 (3–4): 101–115. Bibcode:2009RPaPa.155..101B. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2007.12.010.
- ^ "Diarch". The Free Dictionary.
- ^ Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707725.
- ^ Petersen, Kurt B.; Burd, Martin (2018). "The adaptive value of heterospory: Evidence from Selaginella". Evolution. 72 (5): 1080–1091. doi:10.1111/evo.13484. ISSN 1558-5646. PMID 29645092. S2CID 4800398.
- ^ Tree Breeding for Genetic Improvement of Tropical Tree Species
- ^ Wagner, Warren H.; Beitel, Joseph M.; Wagner, Florence S. (2025-08-14). "Complex Venation Patterns in the Leaves of Selaginella : Megaphyll-Like Leaves in Lycophytes". Science. 218 (4574): 793–794. Bibcode:1982Sci...218..793W. doi:10.1126/science.218.4574.793. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17771037. S2CID 44904740.
- ^ Liberty Hyde Bailey (1916). The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. Vol. 5. The Macmillan company. pp. 2920–2921, 3639.
- ^ VanBuren, Robert; Ching, Man Wai; Ou, Shujun; Pardo, Jeremy; Bryant, Doug; Jiang, Ning; Mockler, Todd C.; Edger, Patrick; Michael, Todd P. (2018). "Extreme haplotype variation in the desiccation- tolerant clubmoss Selaginella lepidophylla". Nature Communications. 9 (13): 13. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9...13V. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02546-5. PMC 5750206. PMID 29296019.
- ^ Extensive import of nucleus-encoded tRNAs into chloroplasts of the photosynthetic lycophyte, Selaginella kraussiana
- ^ Gigantic chloroplasts, including bizonoplasts, are common in shade-adapted species of the ancient vascular plant family Selaginellaceae
- ^ Clugston, M. (2014). Dictionary of Science (4th ed.). London: Penguin Reference Library. p. 743. ISBN 978-0-141-98682-1.
- ^ Walker, Peter (1992). Chambers Science and Technology Dictionary (4th ed.). Edinburgh NewYork: Chambers. p. 999. ISBN 0-550-13239-2.
- ^ Palisot de Beauvois (1805): Prodrome des cinquième et sixième familles de l'?théogamie, les mousses, les lycopodes.
- ^ Korall, P. & Kenrick, P. (2002), "Phylogenetic relationships in Selaginellaceae based on rbcL sequences", American Journal of Botany, 89 (3): 506–17, doi:10.3732/ajb.89.3.506, PMID 21665649
- ^ Korall & Kenrick (2004): The phylogenetic history of Selaginellaceae based on DNA sequences from the plastid and nucleus: extreme substitution rates and rate heterogeneity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 31, Issue 3, June 2004, Pages 852–864
- ^ a b Zhou, Xin-Mao; Zhang, Li-Bing (2023), "Phylogeny, character evolution, and classification of Selaginellaceae (lycophytes)", Plant Diversity, 45 (6): 630–684, Bibcode:2023PlDiv..45..630Z, doi:10.1016/j.pld.2023.07.003, PMC 10772194, PMID 38197007
- ^ Verdoorn, F., ed. (1938): Manual of Pteridology: J. Walton and A. H. G. Alston, Lycopodinae, pp. 500–506. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague. 640pp, HB.
- ^ Weststrand, Stina; Korall, Petra (2016), "A subgeneric classification of Selaginella (Selaginellaceae)", American Journal of Botany, 103 (12): 2160–2169, Bibcode:2016AmJB..103.2160W, doi:10.3732/ajb.1600288, PMID 27999080
- ^ a b Zhou, Xin-Mao; Zhang, Li-Bing (2015), "A classification of Selaginella (Selaginellaceae) based on molecular (chloroplast and nuclear), macromorphological, and spore features", Taxon, 64 (6): 1117–1140, Bibcode:2015Taxon..64.1117Z, doi:10.12705/646.2, S2CID 90451945
- ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. Bibcode:2016Phytx.261..201C. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Selaginella at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Selaginella at Wikispecies
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